- var _example = 'toh-6';

block includes
  include ../_util-fns
  - var _Http = 'Http'; // Angular `Http` library name.
  - var _Angular_Http = 'Angular <code>Http</code>'
  - var _Angular_http_library = 'Angular HTTP library'
  - var _HttpModule = 'HttpModule'
  - var _JSON_stringify = 'JSON.stringify'

//- Shared var definitions
- var _promise = _Promise.toLowerCase()

:marked
  Our stakeholders appreciate our progress.
  Now they want to get the hero data from a server, let users add, edit, and delete heroes,
  and save these changes back to the server.

  客户对我们的进展很满意！
  现在，它们想要从服务器获取英雄数据，然后让用户添加、编辑和删除英雄，并且把这些修改结果保存回服务器。

  In this chapter we teach our application to make the corresponding HTTP calls to a remote server's web API.

  在这一章中，我们要让应用程序通过 HTTP 调用来访问远程服务器上相应的 Web API。

  Run the <live-example></live-example> for this part.

  运行这部分的<live-example>在线例子</live-example>。

.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Where We Left Off

  ## 延续上一步教程

  In the [previous chapter](toh-pt5.html), we learned to navigate between the dashboard and the fixed heroes list, editing a selected hero along the way.
  That's our starting point for this chapter.

  在[前一章](toh-pt5.html)中，我们学会了在仪表盘和固定的英雄列表之间导航，并编辑选定的英雄。这也就是本章的起点。

block start-server-and-watch
  :marked
    ### Keep the app transpiling and running

    ### 保持应用的转译与运行

    Open a terminal/console window and enter the following command to
    start the TypeScript compiler, start the server, and watch for changes:

    打开终端/控制台窗口，输入下列命令来启动 TypeScript 编译器，它会启动开发服务器，并监视文件变更：

  code-example(language="bash").
    npm start

:marked
  The application runs and updates automatically as we continue to build the Tour of Heroes.

  当我们继续构建《英雄指南》时，应用会运行并自动更新。

.l-main-section#http-providers
h1 Providing HTTP Services

h1 准备 HTTP 服务

block http-library
  :marked
    The `HttpModule` is ***not*** a core Angular module.
    It's Angular's optional approach to web access and it exists as a separate add-on module called `@angular/http`,
    shipped in a separate script file as part of the Angular npm package.

    `HttpModule`***并不是*** Angular 的核心模块。
    它是 Angular 用来进行 Web 访问的一种可选方式，并通过 Angular 包中一个名叫`@angular/http`的独立附属模块发布了出来。

    Fortunately we're ready to import from `@angular/http` because `systemjs.config` configured *SystemJS* to load that library when we need it.

    幸运的是，`systemjs.config`中已经配置好了 *SystemJS*，并在必要时加载它，因此我们已经为从`@angular/http`中导入它做好了准备。

:marked
  ### Register for HTTP services

  ### 注册 *HTTP* 服务

block http-providers
  :marked
    Our app will depend upon the Angular `http` service which itself depends upon other supporting services.
    The `HttpModule` from `@angular/http` library holds providers for a complete set of HTTP services.

    我们的应用将会依赖于 Angular 的`http`服务，它本身又依赖于其它支持类服务。
    来自`@angular/http`库中的`HttpModule`保存着这些 HTTP 相关服务提供商的全集。

    We should be able to access these services from anywhere in the application.
    So we register them all by adding `HttpModule` to the `imports` list of the `AppModule` where we
    bootstrap the application and its root `AppComponent`.

    我们要能从本应用的任何地方访问这些服务，就要把`HttpModule`添加到`AppModule`的`imports`列表中。
    这里同时也是我们引导应用及其根组件`AppComponent`的地方。

  +makeExample('app/app.module.ts', 'v1','app/app.module.ts (v1)')

  :marked
    Notice that we supply `!{_HttpModule}` as part of the *imports* !{_array} in root NgModule `AppModule`.

    注意，现在`!{_HttpModule}`已经是根模块`AppModule`的`imports`数组的一部分了。

.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Simulating the web API

  ## 模拟web API

  We recommend registering application-wide services in the root
  `!{_AppModuleVsAppComp}` *providers*.  <span if-docs="dart">Here we're
  registering in `main` for a special reason.</span>

  我们建议在根模块`!{_AppModuleVsAppComp}`的`providers`数组中注册全应用级的服务。

  Our application is in the early stages of development and far from ready for production.
  We don't even have a web server that can handle requests for heroes.
  Until we do, *we'll have to fake it*.

  我们的应用正处于开发的早期阶段，并且离进入产品阶段还很远。
  我们甚至都还没有一个用来处理英雄相关请求的 Web 服务器，在此之前，*我们将不得不伪造一个*。

  We're going to *trick* the HTTP client into fetching and saving data from
  a mock service, the *in-memory web API*.
  <span if-docs="dart"> The application itself doesn't need to know and
  shouldn't know about this.  So we'll slip the in-memory web API into the
  configuration *above* the `AppComponent`.</span>

  我们要*耍点小花招*，让 HTTP 客户端从一个模拟服务（*内存 Web API*）中获取和保存数据。

  Here is a version of <span ngio-ex>!{_appModuleTsVsMainTs}</span> that performs this trick:

  这个版本的<span ngio-ex>!{_appModuleTsVsMainTs}</span>就是用来实现这个小花招的：

+makeExcerpt(_appModuleTsVsMainTs, 'v2')

block backend
  :marked
    We're importing the  `InMemoryWebApiModule` and adding it to the module `imports`.
    The  `InMemoryWebApiModule` replaces the default `Http` client backend &mdash;
    the supporting service that talks to the remote server &mdash;
    with an  _in-memory web API alternative service_.

    导入`InMemoryWebApiModule`并将其加入到模块的`imports`数组。
    `InMemoryWebApiModule`将`Http`客户端默认的后端服务 &mdash;
    这是一个辅助服务，负责与远程服务器对话 &mdash;
    替换成了*内存 Web API*服务：

  +makeExcerpt(_appModuleTsVsMainTs, 'in-mem-web-api', '')

  :marked
    The `forRoot` configuration method takes an `InMemoryDataService` class
    that primes the in-memory database as follows:

    `forRoot`配置方法需要`InMemoryDataService`类实例，用来向内存数据库填充数据：

+makeExample('app/in-memory-data.service.ts', 'init')(format='.')

p This file replaces the #[code #[+adjExPath('mock-heroes.ts')]] which is now safe to delete.

p 该文件代替了#[code #[+adjExPath('mock-heroes.ts')]]文件，它现在可以安全的删除了。

block dont-be-distracted-by-backend-subst
  .alert.is-helpful
    :marked
      This chapter is an introduction to the !{_Angular_http_library}.
      Please don't be distracted by the details of this backend substitution. Just follow along with the example.

      本章主要是介绍 Angular 的 HTTP 库，不要因为这种“替换后端”的细节而分心。
      先不要管为什么，只管照着这个例子做就可以了。

      Learn more later about the in-memory web API in the [HTTP client chapter](../guide/server-communication.html#in-mem-web-api).
      Remember, the in-memory web API is only useful in the early stages of development and for demonstrations such as this Tour of Heroes.
      Skip it when you have a real web API server.

      关于*内存 Web API* 的更多信息，见 [HTTP 客户端](../guide/server-communication.html#in-mem-web-api)。
      记住，*内存 Web API* 主要用于开发的早期阶段或《英雄指南》这样的演示程序。
      如果你已经有了一个真实的 Web API 服务器，尽管跳过它。

.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Heroes and HTTP

  ## 英雄与 HTTP

  Look at our current `HeroService` implementation

  来看看我们目前的`HeroService`的实现

+makeExcerpt('toh-4/ts/app/hero.service.ts (old getHeroes)', 'get-heroes')

:marked
  We returned a !{_Promise} resolved with mock heroes.
  It may have seemed like overkill at the time, but we were anticipating the
  day when we fetched heroes with an HTTP client and we knew that would have to be an asynchronous operation.

  我们返回一个承诺 (Promise)，它用模拟版的英雄列表进行解析。
  它当时可能看起来显得有点过于复杂，不过我们预料到总有这么一天会通过 HTTP 客户端来获取英雄数据，
  而且我们知道，那一定是一个异步操作。

  That day has arrived! Let's convert `getHeroes()` to use HTTP.

  这一天到来了！我们把`getHeroes()`换成用 HTTP。

+makeExcerpt('app/hero.service.ts (updated getHeroes and new class members)', 'getHeroes')

:marked
  Our updated import statements are now:

  更新后的导入声明如下：

+makeExcerpt('app/hero.service.ts (updated imports)', 'imports')

- var _h3id = `http-${_promise}`
:marked
  Refresh the browser, and the hero data should be successfully loaded from the
  mock server.

  刷新浏览器后，英雄数据就会从模拟服务器被成功读取。

  <h3 id="!{_h3id}">HTTP !{_Promise}</h3>

  ### Http承诺(Promise)

  We're still returning a !{_Promise} but we're creating it differently.

  我们仍然返回一个承诺，但是用不同的方法来创建它。

block get-heroes-details
  :marked
    The Angular `http.get` returns an RxJS `Observable`.
    *Observables* are a powerful way to manage asynchronous data flows.
    We'll learn about [Observables](#observables) later in this chapter.

    Angular 的`http.get`返回一个 RxJS 的`Observable`对象。
    *Observable（可观察对象）*是一个管理异步数据流的强力方式。
    后面我们还会进一步学习[可观察对象](#observables)。

    For *now* we get back on familiar ground by immediately
    converting that `Observable` to a `Promise` using the `toPromise` operator.

    *现在*，我们先利用`toPromise`操作符把`Observable`直接转换成`Promise`对象，回到已经熟悉的地盘。

  +makeExcerpt('app/hero.service.ts', 'to-promise', '')

  :marked
    Unfortunately, the Angular `Observable` doesn't have a `toPromise` operator ...
    not out of the box.
    The Angular `Observable` is a bare-bones implementation.

    不幸的是，Angular 的`Observable`并没有一个`toPromise`操作符... 没有打包在一起发布。
    Angular的`Observable`只是一个骨架实现。

    There are scores of operators like `toPromise` that extend `Observable` with useful capabilities.
    If we want those capabilities, we have to add the operators ourselves.
    That's as easy as importing them from the RxJS library like this:

    有很多像`toPromise`这样的操作符，用于扩展`Observable`，为其添加有用的能力。
    如果我们希望得到那些能力，就得自己添加那些操作符。
    那很容易，只要从 RxJS 库中导入它们就可以了，就像这样：

  +makeExcerpt('app/hero.service.ts', 'rxjs', '')

  :marked
    ### Extracting the data in the *then* callback

    ### 在 *then* 回调中提取出数据

    In the *promise*'s `then` callback we call the `json` method of the HTTP `Response` to extract the
    data within the response.

    在 *promise* 的`then`回调中，我们调用 HTTP 的`Reponse`对象的`json`方法，以提取出其中的数据。

  +makeExcerpt('app/hero.service.ts', 'to-data', '')

:marked
  That response JSON has a single `data` property.
  The `data` property holds the !{_array} of *heroes* that the caller really wants.
  So we grab that !{_array} and return it as the resolved !{_Promise} value.

  这个由`json`方法返回的对象只有一个`data`属性。
  这个`data`属性保存了*英雄*数组，这个数组才是调用者真正想要的。
  所以我们取得这个数组，并且把它作为承诺的值进行解析。

.alert.is-important
  :marked
    Pay close attention to the shape of the data returned by the server.
    This particular *in-memory web API* example happens to return an object with a `data` property.
    Your API might return something else. Adjust the code to match *your web API*.

    仔细看看这个由服务器返回的数据的形态。
    这个*内存 Web API* 的范例中所做的是返回一个带有`data`属性的对象。
    你的 API 也可以返回其它东西。请调整这些代码以匹配*你的 Web API*。

:marked
  The caller is unaware of these machinations. It receives a !{_Promise} of *heroes* just as it did before.
  It has no idea that we fetched the heroes from the (mock) server.
  It knows nothing of the twists and turns required to convert the HTTP response into heroes.
  Such is the beauty and purpose of delegating data access to a service like this `HeroService`.

  调用者并不知道这些实现机制，它仍然像以前那样接收一个包含*英雄数据*的承诺。
  它也不知道我们已经改成了从服务器获取英雄数据。
  它也不必了解把 HTTP 响应转换成英雄数据时所作的这些复杂变换。
  看到美妙之处了吧，这正是将数据访问委托组一个服务的目的。

  ### Error Handling

  ### 错误处理

  At the end of `getHeroes()` we `catch` server failures and pass them to an error handler:

  在`getHeroes()`的最后，我们`catch`了服务器的失败信息，并把它们传给了错误处理器：

+makeExcerpt('app/hero.service.ts', 'catch', '')

:marked
  This is a critical step!
  We must anticipate HTTP failures as they happen frequently for reasons beyond our control.

  这是一个关键的步骤！
  我们必须预料到 HTTP 请求会失败，因为有太多我们无法控制的原因可能导致它们频繁出现各种错误。

+makeExcerpt('app/hero.service.ts', 'handleError', '')

- var rejected_promise = _docsFor == 'dart' ? 'propagated exception' : 'rejected promise';
:marked
  In this demo service we log the error to the console; we would do better in real life.

  在这个范例服务中，我们把错误记录到控制台中；在真实世界中，我们应该做得更好。

  We've also decided to return a user friendly form of the error to
  the caller in a !{rejected_promise} so that the caller can display a proper error message to the user.

  我们还要通过一个被拒绝 (rejected) 的承诺来把该错误用一个用户友好的格式返回给调用者，
  以便调用者能把一个合适的错误信息显示给用户。

  ### Unchanged `getHeroes` API

  ### `getHeroes` API 没变

  Although we made significant *internal* changes to `getHeroes()`, the public signature did not change.
  We still return a !{_Promise}. We won't have to update any of the components that call `getHeroes()`.

  虽然我们对`getHeroes()`做了一些重要的*内部*修改，该方法公开的函数签名却没有任何变化。
  我们返回的仍然是一个承诺，不用被迫更新任何一个调用了`getHeroes()`的组件。

  Our stakeholders are thrilled with the added flexibility from the API integration.
  Now they want the ability to create and delete heroes.

  我们的客户很欣赏这种富有弹性的 API 集成方式。
  现在它们想增加创建和删除英雄的功能。

  Let's see first what happens when we try to update a hero's details.

  我们来看看在更新英雄的详情时会发生什么。

.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Update hero details

  ## 更新英雄详情

  We can edit a hero's name already in the hero detail view. Go ahead and try
  it. As we type, the hero name is updated in the view heading.
  But when we hit the `Back` button, the changes are lost!

  我们已经可以在英雄详情中编辑英雄的名字了。来试试吧。在输入的时候，页头上的英雄名字也会随之更新。
  不过当我们点了`Back（后退）`按钮时，这些修改就丢失了。

.l-sub-section
  :marked
    Updates weren't lost before, what's happening?
    When the app used a list of mock heroes, changes were made directly to the
    hero objects in the single, app-wide shared list. Now that we are fetching data
    from a server, if we want changes to persist, we'll need to write them back to
    the server.

    以前是不会丢失更新的，现在是怎么回事？
    当该应用使用模拟出来的英雄列表时，修改的是一份全局共享的英雄列表，而现在改成了从服务器获取数据。
    如果我们希望这些更改被持久化，我们就得把它们写回服务器。

:marked
  ### Save hero details

  ### 保存英雄详情

  Let's ensure that edits to a hero's name aren't lost. Start by adding,
  to the end of the hero detail template, a save button with a `click` event
  binding that invokes a new component method named `save`:

  我们先来确保对英雄名字的编辑不会丢失。先在英雄详情模板的底部添加一个保存按钮，它绑定了一个`click`事件，事件绑定会调用组件中一个名叫`save`的新方法：

+makeExcerpt('app/hero-detail.component.html', 'save')

:marked
  The `save` method persists hero name changes using the hero service
  `update` method and then navigates back to the previous view:

  `save`方法使用 hero 服务的`update`方法来持久化对英雄名字的修改，然后导航回前一个视图：

+makeExcerpt('app/hero-detail.component.ts', 'save')

:marked
  ### Hero service `update` method

  ### hero 服务的`update`方法

  The overall structure of the `update` method is similar to that of
  `getHeroes`, although we'll use an HTTP _put_ to persist changes
  server-side:

  `update`方法的大致结构与`getHeroes`类似，不过我们使用 HTTP 的 *put* 方法来把修改持久化到服务端：

+makeExcerpt('app/hero.service.ts', 'update')

:marked
  We identify _which_ hero the server should update by encoding the hero id in
  the URL. The put body is the JSON string encoding of the hero, obtained by
  calling `!{_JSON_stringify}`.  We identify the body content type
  (`application/json`) in the request header.

  我们通过一个编码在 URL 中的英雄 id 来告诉服务器应该更新哪个英雄。put 的 body 是该英雄的 JSON 字符串，它是通过调用`!{_JSON_stringify}`得到的。
  并且在请求头中标记出的 body 的内容类型（`application/json`）。

  Refresh the browser and give it a try. Changes to hero names should now persist.

  刷新浏览器试一下，对英雄名字的修改确实已经被持久化了。

.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Add a hero

  ## 添加英雄

  To add a new hero we need to know the hero's name. Let's use an input
  element for that, paired with an add button.

  要添加一个新的英雄，我们得先知道英雄的名字。我们使用一个 input 元素和一个添加按钮来实现。

  Insert the following into the heroes component HTML, first thing after
  the heading:

  把下列代码插入 heroes 组件的 HTML 中，放在标题的下面：

+makeExcerpt('app/heroes.component.html', 'add')

:marked
  In response to a click event, we call the component's click handler and then
  clear the input field so that it will be ready to use for another name.

  当点击事件触发时，我们调用组件的点击处理器，然后清空这个输入框，以便用来输入另一个名字。

+makeExcerpt('app/heroes.component.ts', 'add')

:marked
  When the given name is non-blank, the handler delegates creation of the
  named hero to the hero service, and then adds the new hero to our !{_array}.

  当指定的名字不为空的时候，点击处理器就会委托 hero 服务来创建一个具有此名字的英雄，
  并把这个新的英雄添加到我们的数组中。

  Finally, we implement the `create` method in the `HeroService` class.

  最后，我们在`HeroService`类中实现这个`create`方法。

+makeExcerpt('app/hero.service.ts', 'create')

:marked
  Refresh the browser and create some new heroes!

  刷新浏览器，并创建一些新的英雄！

.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Delete a hero

  ## 删除一个英雄

  Too many heroes?
  Let's add a delete button to each hero in the heroes view.

  英雄太多了？
  我们在英雄列表视图中来为每个英雄添加一个删除按钮吧。

  Add this button element to the heroes component HTML, right after the hero
  name in the repeated `<li>` tag:

  把这个按钮元素添加到英雄列表组件的 HTML 中，把它放在`<li>`标签中的英雄名的后面：

+makeExcerpt('app/heroes.component.html', 'delete', '')

:marked
  The `<li>` element should now look like this:

  `<li>`元素应该变成了这样：

+makeExcerpt('app/heroes.component.html', 'li-element')

:marked
  In addition to calling the component's `delete` method, the delete button
  click handling code stops the propagation of the click event &mdash; we
  don't want the `<li>` click handler to be triggered because that would
  select the hero that we are going to delete!

  除了调用组件的`delete`方法之外，这个`delete`按钮的点击处理器还应该阻止点击事件向上冒泡 &mdash;
  我们并不希望触发`<li>`的事件处理器，否则它会选中我们要删除的这位英雄。

  The logic of the `delete` handler is a bit trickier:

  `delete`处理器的逻辑略复杂：

+makeExcerpt('app/heroes.component.ts', 'delete')

:marked
  Of course, we delegate hero deletion to the hero service, but the component
  is still responsible for updating the display: it removes the deleted hero
  from the !{_array} and resets the selected hero if necessary.

  当然，我们仍然把删除英雄的操作委托给了 hero 服务，
  不过该组件仍然负责更新显示：它从数组中移除了被删除的英雄，如果删除的是正选中的英雄，还会清空选择。

:marked
  We want our delete button to be placed at the far right of the hero entry.
  This extra CSS accomplishes that:

  我们希望删除按钮被放在英雄条目的最右边。
  于是 CSS 变成了这样：

+makeExcerpt('app/heroes.component.css', 'additions')

:marked
  ### Hero service `delete` method

  ### hero 服务的`delete`方法

  The hero service's `delete` method uses the _delete_ HTTP method to remove the hero from the server:

  hero 服务的`delete`方法使用 HTTP 的 *delete* 方法来从服务器上移除该英雄：

+makeExcerpt('app/hero.service.ts', 'delete')

:marked
  Refresh the browser and try the new delete functionality.

  刷新浏览器，并试一下这个新的删除功能。

#observables
:marked
  ## !{_Observable}s

  ## 可观察对象 (Observable)

block observables-section-intro
  :marked
    Each `Http` service method  returns an `Observable` of HTTP `Response` objects.

    `Http`服务中的每个方法都返回一个 HTTP `Response`对象的`Observable`实例。

    Our `HeroService` converts that `Observable` into a `Promise` and returns the promise to the caller.
    In this section we learn to return the `Observable` directly and discuss when and why that might be
    a good thing to do.

    我们的`HeroService`中把那个`Observable`对象转换成了`Promise`（承诺），并把这个承诺返回给了调用者。
    这一节，我们将学会直接返回`Observable`，并且讨论何时以及为何那样做会更好。

    ### Background

    ### 背景

    An *observable* is a stream of events that we can process with array-like operators.

    一个*可观察对象*是一个事件流，我们可以用数组型操作符来处理它。

    Angular core has basic support for observables. We developers augment that support with
    operators and extensions from the [RxJS Observables](http://reactivex.io/rxjs/) library.
    We'll see how shortly.

    Angular 内核中提供了对可观察对象的基本支持。而我们这些开发人员可以自己从 [RxJS 可观察对象](http://reactivex.io/rxjs/)库中引入操作符和扩展。
    我们会简短的讲解下如何做。

    Recall that our `HeroService` quickly chained the `toPromise` operator to the `Observable` result of `http.get`.
    That operator converted the `Observable` into a `Promise` and we passed that promise back to the caller.

    快速回忆一下`HeroService`，它在`http.get`返回的`Observable`后面串联了一个`toPromise`操作符。
    该操作符把`Observable`转换成了`Promise`，并且我们把那个承诺返回给了调用者。

    Converting to a promise is often a good choice. We typically ask `http.get` to fetch a single chunk of data.
    When we receive the data, we're done.
    A single result in the form of a promise is easy for the calling component to consume
    and it helps that promises are widely understood by JavaScript programmers.

    转换成承诺通常是更好地选择，我们通常会要求`http.get`获取单块数据。只要接收到数据，就算完成。
    使用承诺这种形式的结果是让调用方更容易写，并且承诺已经在 JavaScript 程序员中被广泛接受了。

:marked
  But requests aren't always "one and done". We may start one request,
  then cancel it, and make a different request before the server has responded to the first request.
  Such a _request-cancel-new-request_ sequence is difficult to implement with *!{_Promise}s*.
  It's easy with *!{_Observable}s* as we'll see.

  但是请求并非总是“一次性”的。我们可以开始一个请求，
  并且取消它，在服务器对第一个请求作出回应之前，再开始另一个不同的请求 。
  像这样一个_请求-取消-新请求_的序列用*承诺*是很难实现的，但接下来我们会看到，它对于*可观察对象*却很简单。

  ### Search-by-name

  ### 按名搜索

  We're going to add a *hero search* feature to the Tour of Heroes.
  As the user types a name into a search box, we'll make repeated HTTP requests for heroes filtered by that name.

  我们要为《英雄指南》添加一个*英雄搜索*特性。
  当用户在搜索框中输入一个名字时，我们将不断发起 HTTP 请求，以获得按名字过滤的英雄。

  We start by creating `HeroSearchService` that sends search queries to our server's web api.

  我们先创建`HeroSearchService`服务，它会把搜索请求发送到我们服务器上的 Web API。

+makeExample('app/hero-search.service.ts')

:marked
  The `!{_priv}http.get()` call in `HeroSearchService` is similar to the one
  in the `HeroService`, although the URL now has a query string.
  <span if-docs="ts">Another notable difference: we no longer call `toPromise`,
  we simply return the *observable* instead.</span>

  `HeroSearchService`中的`http.get()`调用和`HeroService`中的很相似，只是这次带了查询字符串。
  <span if-docs="ts">显著的不同是：我们不再调用`toPromise`，而是直接返回*可观察对象*。</span>

  ### HeroSearchComponent

  ### HeroSearchComponent

  Let's create a new `HeroSearchComponent` that calls this new `HeroSearchService`.

  我们再创建一个新的`HeroSearchComponent`来调用这个新的`HeroSearchService`。

  The component template is simple &mdash; just a text box and a list of matching search results.

  组件模板很简单，就是一个输入框和一个显示匹配的搜索结果的列表。

+makeExample('app/hero-search.component.html')

:marked
  We'll also want to add styles for the new component.

  我们还要往这个新组件中添加样式。

+makeExample('app/hero-search.component.css')

:marked
  As the user types in the search box, a *keyup* event binding calls the component's `search` method with the new search box value.

  当用户在搜索框中输入时，一个 *keyup* 事件绑定会调用该组件的`search`方法，并传入新的搜索框的值。

  The `*ngFor` repeats *hero* objects from the component's `heroes` property. No surprise there.

  `*ngFor`从该组件的`heroes`属性重复获取 *hero* 对象。这也没啥特别的。

  But, as we'll soon see, the `heroes` property is now !{_an} *!{_Observable}* of hero !{_array}s, rather than just a hero !{_array}.
  The `*ngFor` can't do anything with !{_an} `!{_Observable}` until we flow it through the `async` pipe (`AsyncPipe`).
  The `async` pipe subscribes to the `!{_Observable}` and produces the !{_array} of heroes to `*ngFor`.

  但是，接下来我们看到`heroes`属性现在是英雄列表的`Observable`对象，而不再只是英雄数组。
  `*ngFor`不能用可观察对象做任何事，除非我们在它后面跟一个`async` pipe (`AsyncPipe`)。
  这个`async`管道会订阅到这个可观察对象，并且为`*ngFor`生成一个英雄数组。

  Time to create the `HeroSearchComponent` class and metadata.

  该创建`HeroSearchComponent`类及其元数据了。

+makeExample('app/hero-search.component.ts')

:marked
  #### Search terms

  #### 搜索词

  Let's focus on the `!{_priv}searchTerms`:

  仔细看下这个`searchTerms`：

+makeExcerpt('app/hero-search.component.ts', 'searchTerms', '')

block search-criteria-intro
  :marked
    A `Subject` is a producer of an _observable_ event stream;
    `searchTerms` produces an `Observable` of strings, the filter criteria for the name search.

    `Subject`（主题）是一个_可观察的_事件流中的生产者。
    `searchTerms`生成一个产生字符串的`Observable`，用作按名称搜索时的过滤条件。

    Each call to `search` puts a new string into this subject's _observable_ stream by calling `next`.

    每当调用`search`时都会调用`next`来把新的字符串放进该主题的_可观察_流中。

:marked
  <a id="ngoninit"></a>
  #### Initialize the _**heroes**_ property (_**ngOnInit**_)

  #### 初始化 _**heroes**_ 属性(_**ngOnInit**_)

  <span if-docs="ts">A `Subject` is also an `Observable`.</span>
  We're going to turn the stream
  of search terms into a stream of `Hero` !{_array}s and assign the result to the `heroes` property.

  <span if-docs="ts">`Subject`也是一个`Observable`对象。</span>
  我们要把搜索词的流转换成`Hero`数组的流，并把结果赋值给`heroes`属性。

+makeExcerpt('app/hero-search.component.ts', 'search', '')

:marked
  If we passed every user keystroke directly to the `HeroSearchService`, we'd unleash a storm of HTTP requests.
  Bad idea. We don't want to tax our server resources and burn through our cellular network data plan.

  如果我们直接把每一次用户按键都直接传给`HeroSearchService`，就会发起一场 HTTP 请求风暴。
  这可不好玩。我们不希望占用服务器资源，也不想耗光蜂窝移动网络的流量。

block observable-transformers
  :marked
    Fortunately, we can chain `Observable` operators to the string `Observable` that reduce the request flow.
    We'll make fewer calls to the `HeroSearchService` and still get timely results. Here's how:

    幸运的是，我们可以在字符串的`Observable`后面串联一些`Observable`操作符，来归并这些请求。
    我们将对`HeroSearchService`发起更少的调用，并且仍然获得足够及时的响应。做法如下：

    * `debounceTime(300)` waits until the flow of new string events pauses for 300 milliseconds
    before passing along the latest string. We'll never make requests more frequently than 300ms.

      在传出最终字符串之前，`debounceTime(300)`将会等待，直到新增字符串的事件暂停了 300 毫秒。
    我们实际发起请求的间隔永远不会小于 300ms。

    * `distinctUntilChanged` ensures that we only send a request if the filter text changed.
    There's no point in repeating a request for the same search term.

      `distinctUntilChanged`确保只在过滤条件变化时才发送请求，
    这样就不会重复请求同一个搜索词了。

    * `switchMap` calls our search service for each search term that makes it through the `debounce` and `distinctUntilChanged` gauntlet.
    It cancels and discards previous search observables, returning only the latest search service observable.

      `switchMap`会为每个从`debounce`和`distinctUntilChanged`中通过的搜索词调用搜索服务。
    它会取消并丢弃以前的搜索可观察对象，只保留最近的。

  .l-sub-section
    :marked
      The [switchMap operator](http://www.learnrxjs.io/operators/transformation/switchmap.html)
      (formerly known as "flatMapLatest") is very clever.

      [switchMap操作符](https://github.com/Reactive-Extensions/RxJS/blob/master/doc/api/core/operators/flatmaplatest.md)
      (以前叫"flatMapLatest")是非常智能的。

      Every qualifying key event can trigger an `http` method call.
      Even with a 300ms pause between requests, we could have multiple HTTP requests in flight
      and they may not return in the order sent.

      每次符合条件的按键事件都会触发一次对`http`方法的调用。即使在发送每个请求前都有 300 毫秒的延迟，
      我们仍然可能同时拥有多个在途的 HTTP 请求，并且它们返回的顺序未必就是发送时的顺序。

      `switchMap` preserves the original request order while returning
       only the observable from the most recent `http` method call.
      Results from prior calls are canceled and discarded.

      `switchMap`保留了原始的请求顺序，并且只返回最近一次 `http` 调用返回的可观察对象。
      这是因为以前的调用都被取消或丢弃了。

      We also short-circuit the `http` method call and return an observable containing an empty array
      if the search text is empty.

      如果搜索框为空，我们还可以短路掉这次`http`方法调用，并且直接返回一个包含空数组的可观察对象。

      Note that _canceling_ the `HeroSearchService` observable won't actually abort a pending HTTP request
      until the service supports that feature, a topic for another day.
      We are content for now to discard unwanted results.

      注意，_取消_`HeroSearchService`的可观察对象并不会实际中止 (abort) 一个未完成的 HTTP 请求，
      除非服务支持这个特性，这个问题我们以后再讨论。
      目前我们的做法只是丢弃不希望的结果。

  :marked
    * `catch` intercepts a failed observable.
    Our simple example prints the error to the console; a real life application should do better.
    Then we return an observable containing an empty array to clear the search result.

    * `catch`拦截失败的可观察对象。这个简单的例子中只是把错误信息打印到控制台（但实际的应用需要做更多事），然后返回一个包含空数组的可观察对象，以清空搜索结果。

    ### Import RxJS operators

    ### 导入 RxJS 操作符

    The RxJS operators are not available in Angular's base `Observable` implementation.
    We have to extend  `Observable` by *importing* them.

    Angular 的基本版`Observable`实现中，RxJS 操作符是不可用的。
    我们得*导入*它们，以扩展`Observable`。

    We could extend `Observable` with just the operators we need here by
    including the pertinent `import` statements at the top of this file.

    通过在本文件的顶部写上适当的`import`语句，
    我们可以为`Observable`扩展出这里用到的那些操作符。

  .l-sub-section
    :marked
      Many authorities say we should do just that.

      有很多权威人士建议我们这样做。

  :marked
    We take a different approach in this example.
    We combine all of the RxJS `Observable` extensions that _our entire app_ requires into a single RxJS imports file.

    在这个例子中，我们使用一些不同的方法。
    我们把整个应用中要用的那些 RxJS `Observable`扩展组合在一起，放在一个单独的 RxJS 导入文件中。

  +makeExample('app/rxjs-extensions.ts')(format='.')

  :marked
    We load them all at once by importing `rxjs-extensions` at the top of `AppModule`.

    我们在顶级的`AppModule`中导入`rxjs-extensions`就可以一次性加载它们。

  +makeExcerpt('app/app.module.ts', 'rxjs-extensions')(format='.')

:marked
  ### Add the search component to the dashboard

  ### 为仪表盘添加搜索组件

  We add the hero search HTML element to the bottom of the `DashboardComponent` template.

  将表示“英雄搜索”组件的 HTML 元素添加到`DashboardComponent`模版的最后面。

+makeExample('app/dashboard.component.html')(format='.')

- var _declarations = _docsFor == 'dart' ? 'directives' : 'declarations'
- var declFile = _docsFor == 'dart' ? 'app/dashboard.component.ts' : 'app/app.module.ts'
:marked
  Finally, we import `HeroSearchComponent` from
  <span ngio-ex>hero-search.component.ts</span>
  and add it to the `!{_declarations}` !{_array}:

  最后，从<span ngio-ex>hero-search.component.ts</span>中导入`HeroSearchComponent`并将其添加到`declarations`数组中。

+makeExcerpt(declFile, 'search')

:marked
  Run the app again, go to the *Dashboard*, and enter some text in the search box.
  At some point it might look like this.

  再次运行该应用，跳转到*仪表盘*，并在英雄下方的搜索框里输入一些文本。
  看起来就像这样：

figure.image-display
  img(src='/resources/images/devguide/toh/toh-hero-search.png' alt="Hero Search Component")

.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Application structure and code

  ## 应用的结构与代码

  Review the sample source code in the <live-example></live-example> for this chapter.
  Verify that we have the following structure:

  回顾一下本章<live-example>在线例子</live-example>中的范例代码。
  验证我们是否得到了如下结构：

block filetree
  .filetree
    .file angular-tour-of-heroes
    .children
      .file app
      .children
        .file app.component.ts
        .file app.component.css
        .file app.module.ts
        .file app-routing.module.ts
        .file dashboard.component.css
        .file dashboard.component.html
        .file dashboard.component.ts
        .file hero.ts
        .file hero-detail.component.css
        .file hero-detail.component.html
        .file hero-detail.component.ts
        .file hero-search.component.html (new)
        .file hero-search.component.css (new)
        .file hero-search.component.ts (new)
        .file hero-search.service.ts (new)
        .file rxjs-extensions.ts
        .file hero.service.ts
        .file heroes.component.css
        .file heroes.component.html
        .file heroes.component.ts
        .file main.ts
        .file in-memory-data.service.ts (new)
      .file node_modules ...
      .file index.html
      .file package.json
      .file styles.css
      .file systemjs.config.js
      .file tsconfig.json

.l-main-section
:marked
  ## Home Stretch

  ## 最后冲刺

  We are at the end of our journey for now, but we have accomplished a lot.

  旅程即将结束，不过我们已经收获颇丰。

  - We added the necessary dependencies to use HTTP in our application.

    我们添加了在应用程序中使用 HTTP 的必备依赖。

  - We refactored `HeroService` to load heroes from a web API.

    我们重构了`HeroService`，以通过 web API 来加载英雄数据。

  - We extended `HeroService` to support post, put and delete methods.

    我们扩展了`HeroService`来支持 post、put 和 delete 方法。

  - We updated our components to allow adding, editing and deleting of heroes.

    我们更新了组件，以允许用户添加、编辑和删除英雄。

  - We configured an in-memory web API.

    我们配置了一个内存 Web API。

  - We learned how to use !{_Observable}s.

    我们学会了如何使用“可观察对象”。

  Here are the files we _added or changed_ in this chapter.

  下面是我们**添加或修改**之后的文件汇总。

block file-summary
  +makeTabs(
    `toh-6/ts/app/app.component.ts,
     toh-6/ts/app/app.module.ts,
     toh-6/ts/app/heroes.component.ts,
     toh-6/ts/app/heroes.component.html,
     toh-6/ts/app/heroes.component.css,
     toh-6/ts/app/hero-detail.component.ts,
     toh-6/ts/app/hero-detail.component.html,
     toh-6/ts/app/hero.service.ts,
     toh-6/ts/app/in-memory-data.service.ts`,
    ',,,,,,,,',
    `app.comp...ts,
     app.mod...ts,
     heroes.comp...ts,
     heroes.comp...html,
     heroes.comp...css,
     hero-detail.comp...ts,
     hero-detail.comp...html,
     hero.service.ts,
     in-memory-data.service.ts`
  )

  +makeTabs(
    `toh-6/ts/app/hero-search.service.ts,
    toh-6/ts/app/hero-search.component.ts,
    toh-6/ts/app/hero-search.component.html,
    toh-6/ts/app/hero-search.component.css,
    toh-6/ts/app/rxjs-extensions.ts`,
    null,
    `hero-search.service.ts,
    hero-search.component.ts,
    hero-search.component.html,
    hero-search.component.css,
    rxjs-extensions.ts`
  )

.l-sub-section
  :marked
    ### Next Step

    ### 下一步

    Return to the [learning path](../guide/learning-angular.html#architecture) where
    you can read about the concepts and practices you discovered in this tutorial.

    返回[学习路径](../guide/learning-angular.html#architecture)，你可以阅读在本教程中探索到的概念和实践。
